The simple answer is SubD → Mesh → Triangulate.
But this only lets you divide things up by powers of two (here it’s 2² so 4 panels per quad patch) and your panels will be considerably bigger on big patches.
Your reference building - the robotics museum in Seoul, has similar topology (quad sphere) to your model (one additional split line) but has a much more regular shape, hence the much more regular panelling.
Their panelisation is a bit more nuanced than these simple Iso Curves, but you can see the valence-3 vertices where the quad patches meet.
Having said all that, I would stay away from SubD if you’re going to use Grasshopper. The tools are incredibly limited. This isn’t a super sculptural/organic shape (SubD’s strong point) so can easily be rebuilt with Surfaces, which have much more robust tools for subdivision.